Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspended Syria in August 2012 citing "deep concern at the massacres and inhuman acts" perpetrated by forces loyal to Bashar al-Assad. Since July 2011, Syria has been embroiled in a multi-sided civil war, with involvement of different countries. Syria quit the Union for the Mediterranean the following month. Following its violent suppression of the Arab Spring protests of the 2011 Syrian Revolution, the Syrian government was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 for over 11 years, until its reinstatement in 2023. The Ba'ath regime is a totalitarian dictatorship that has been internationally condemned for its political repression alongside its numerous human rights abuses, including summary executions, massive censorship, forced disapperances, mass-murders, barrel-bombings, chemical attacks and other war-crimes. Īfter the death of Hafez al-Assad in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad inherited the presidency and political system centered around a cult of personality to the al-Assad family. Assad assigned Alawite loyalists to key posts in the armed forces, bureaucracy, Mukhabarat and the ruling elite effectively establishing an "Alawi minority rule" to consolidate power within his family. Internal power-struggles within neo-Ba'athist factions caused further coups in 19, which eventually resulted in the seizure of power by General Hafez al-Assad. It ran Syria under emergency law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending constitutional protections for citizens. A significant event was the 1963 coup d'état carried out by the military committee of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party which established a one-party state. The republic was renamed as the Arab Republic of Syria in late 1961 after the December 1 constitutional referendum of that year. In 1958, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt called the United Arab Republic, which was terminated by the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. The post-independence period was tumultuous, with multiple military coups and coup attempts shaking the country between 19. It gained de jure independence as a democratic parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 when the Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations, an act which legally ended the former French mandate (although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946). After a period as a French mandate (1923–1946), the newly-created state represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces. The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman rule. In the Islamic era, Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC. The name "Syria" historically referred to a wider region, broadly synonymous with the Levant, and known in Arabic as al-Sham. Syria is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Arab League. Syria is the only country that is governed by Ba'athists, who advocate Arab socialism and Arab nationalism. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunni Muslims are the largest religious group. The capital and largest city of Syria is Damascus. Religious groups include Muslims, Christians, Alawites, Druze, and Yazidis. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including the majority Syrian Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Circassians, Armenians, Albanians, Greeks, and Chechens. Cyprus lies to the west across the Mediterranean Sea. It is a unitary republic that consists of 14 governorates (subdivisions), and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. Syria ( Arabic: سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, romanized: Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية, romanized: al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
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